Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif/Reyes de Taifas (Central & Southern Spain), 5th c. / 11th c.

The Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif, or Taifa Kingdoms, were independent Muslim principalities that emerged in central and southern Spain after the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in the 11th century. These kingdoms were known for their cultural achievements, political fragmentation, and frequent conflicts, which eventually paved the way for Christian reconquest.