Ṣaffārids (Sīstān, Persia, E Afghanistan), 247-393 / 861-1003

The Ṣaffārid dynasty ruled Sīstān, parts of Persia, and eastern Afghanistan from 861 to 1003 CE. Founded by Ya‘qūb ibn al-Layth al-Ṣaffār, they rose from humble origins as coppersmiths to challenge the Abbasids and expand their territory. The Ṣaffārids are known for their military prowess and for promoting Persian culture in the region.