Umayyad East (Iraq, Syria, Arabian Peninsula), 41-132 / 661-750

The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) was the first great Islamic dynasty, ruling from its capital in Damascus over Iraq, Syria, and the Arabian Peninsula. It expanded the Islamic empire significantly and established Arabic as the administrative language. The Umayyads are known for their administrative reforms and for laying the foundations of Islamic civilization.